Wireless, Telecommunication & IoT

Number of mobile subscriptions has been increased over the past years. It will influence on impact on CO₂ emissions of telecommunication and e-commerce system. Green communication is the selection of energy capable communications, networking technologies and products. It reduces the resource use whenever possible in all categories of communications.

An embedded system is a programmed controlling and operating system with a dedicated function within a greater mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is rooted as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. Embedded systems regulate many devices in common use today. 98% of all microprocessors are mass-produced as components of embedded systems. Since the embedded system is committed to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Certain embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.

Big data is a term that defines the large volume of data; both structured and unstructured that overwhelms a business on a day-to-day basis. But it’s not the amount of data that’s significant. It’s what establishments do with the data that matters. Big data can be examined for insights that lead to superior decisions and deliberate business moves. The volume of data is being created and stored on a global level which is almost unimaginable, and it just keeps growing. That means there’s even more potential to gather key insights from business information – yet only a minor percentage of data is analyzed.

Cloud Computing relies on division of computing resources rather than having local servers or personal devices to handle applications. Cloud computing defines a type of Internet-based computing  where different services such as servers, storage and applications that are delivered to an organization's computers and devices through the Internet. Cloud Computing is a technology that usages the internet and central remote servers to maintain data and applications. Cloud computing allows customers and industries to use applications without installation and access their personal files at any computer with internet access. This technology allows for greatly more efficient computing by centralizing data storage, processing and bandwidth. 

Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is the use of computers or more specialized digital signal processors, to perform an extensive variation of signal processing operations. The signals processed are in the sequence of numbers that represent samples of a continuous variable in a field such as time, space, or frequency. Digital signal processing and Analog Signal Processing are the types of signal processing. DSP applications mainly includes audio and speech processing, sonar, radar and other sensor range processing, spectral density estimation, statistical signal processing, digital image processing, signal processing for telecommunications, control systems, biomedical engineering, and seismology.

An antenna is a transducer that converts radio frequency (RF) into alternating current or vice versa. It can be used for both transmitting and receiving the data. An antenna is an group of conductors (elements), electrically connected to the receiver or transmitter. During transmission: the oscillating current applied to the antenna by a transmitter and it creates an oscillating electro-magnetic field around the antenna elements. It radiates energy away from the antenna into space as a moving transverse electromagnetic field wave. Equally, during reception: the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of an incoming radio wave exert force on the electrons in the antenna elements, causing them to move back and forth, creating oscillating currents in the antenna. Antennas play an significant role in the operation of all radio equipment. They are used in wireless local area networks, mobile communication and satellite communication.

Radio broadcasting is a transmission of radio waves to a wide range in the form of audio or video content. The signal forms can be either analog audio or digital audio. Broadcasting by radio takes numerous forms. It includes AM (Amplitude Multiplexing) and FM (Frequency Multiplexing) stations. There are several subtypes, specifically commercial broadcasting, non-commercial educational (NCE) public broadcasting and non-profit variations as well as community radio, student-run campus radio stations, and hospital radio stations can be establish throughout the world. Numerous stations can broadcast on shortwave bands using AM technology that can be received over thousands of miles.

Radar stands for Radio Detection and Ranging. It is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of substances. It can be used to identify aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. A radar system contains a transmitter which produces electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna (often called as a transceiver) a receiver and workstation to determine properties of the object(s). Radio waves (pulsed or continuous) from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver, giving information about the object's position and speed.

Remote sensing is the process where the Remote sensors assemble data by identifying the energy that is replicated from earth. These sensors can be on satellites or aircrafts. The electromagnetic radiation is generally used as an information carrier in remote sensing. Remote sensors collect the information by determining the electromagnetic radiation that is reflected, emitted and absorbed by objects in numerous spectral regions, from gamma-rays to radio waves. To extent this radiation, both active and passive remote sensors are used. Passive remote sensors record natural sensors that is echoed or radiated from the earth surface. The most collective source of detection is sunlight. Active sensors use internal stimulates to assemble data about earth. Remote sensing methods are used to increase enhanced understanding of the earth and its functions. A Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) is being established to connect earth observation systems around the world. A comprehensive and synchronized system of earth observations could lead to improved management of environmental data and could fulfil numerous societal benefits.

5G (5^th Generation mobile networks / 5^th Generation wireless systems) signifies the next key phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G offers better speed than what the current 4G can offer. 5G should be trolled out by 2021 to light business and consumer demands. In addition to providing purely faster speeds, they expect that 5G networks also will need to meet the needs of novel use cases, such as the Internet of Things as well as broadcast services and lifeline communication in intervals of natural disaster.

Optical communication is a system of communication in which data can be transmitted in the form of unguided visible, infrared (IR), or ultraviolet (UV) light. It can be completed visually or by using electronic devices. It uses a transmitter: which encrypts a message into an optical signal, a channel: which carries the signal to its endpoint and a receiver: which reproduces the message from the established optical signal. It can be feasibly used in a wide range of applications including wireless local area networks, wireless personal area networks, underwater communications, free-space optical communications, inter-satellite links, satellite constellations and vehicular networks among others.

Satellite Communication mainly used in the field of communication systems which can provides universal availability. Main advantage of Satellite Communications is large amount of data can be transmitted to the distances and it can be covered quiet easily. A satellite that transfers and opens up radio broadcast communications signals by means of a transponder; it makes a communication station between a source transmitter and a recipient at various areas on Earth. Satellite usage has turned out to be across the board and universal through the nation for such differing applications like Television, DTH Broadcasting, DSNG and VSAT to misuse the extraordinary capacities as far as choice and strength.

A wireless network is computer network that usages wireless data connections for connecting network nodes. A wireless local-area network uses radio waves to connect devices like laptops to the Internet. A wireless network enables people to interconnect, access applications and information without wires. This provides liberty of movement and the capability to extend applications to different parts of a building, city, or nearly anywhere in the world. Wireless networks allow people to interact with e-mail or browse the Internet from a location that they choose. A mobile network machinist is a provider of services wireless communications that controls all the elements necessary to sell and deliver services to an end user including radio spectrum allocation, wireless network infrastructure, back haul infrastructure, billing, customer care, provisioning computer systems and marketing and repair establishments.

Now let’s discover knowledge on to the newest, emerging wireless technologies. Here are a variety of wireless communication systems used for transmitting voice, video, and data in local or wide areas. It contains point-to-point wireless bridges, wireless local area networks, multidirectional wireless cellular systems, and telecommunication systems. This subject deliberates "mobile" wireless technologies that afford voice and wireless communication services to mobile users who use cell phones, PDAs, Internet terminals, and related computing devices.

Ad Hoc is a type of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology which is used to transmit digital data over telephone lines. It is a telecommunications technology which enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voice band modem can provide. Whereas Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) varies from DSL, it can transmit the digital data at high bandwidth rate. Earners usually market ADSL as a service for customers to receive Internet access in a moderately passive mode. It uses the higher speed direction for the download from the Internet but not needing to run servers that would require high speed in the other direction. 

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical things, embedded with electronics, software, wireless sensors, and network connectivity. It enables these objects to collect and exchange data. It is closely identified with Radio Frequency Identification (i.e. RFID) which is the method of communication. Also it may include other sensor technologies, wireless technologies  and Quick Response codes. It uses low-powered radio waves to transmit data between work station and user. High powered data transmission must require government licenses to broadcast on a specific wavelength. Thousands of broadcasts mainly carry voice through Internet of Things across the world. 

Today, most of the communication system (i.e. for data transmission) uses wireless communication which is the extension version of wire communication system. Wired connections are slowly replaced by wireless technologies. Development of new wireless technologies has helped to fetch out many new ideas and applications to the society. Wireless Communication defines transmission of data by using free space as a medium device. Data can be transmitted in the form of Electro-Magnetic waves through the free space. It permits users to establish a communication from remote areas as well.

Telecommunications defines the exchange information by using electromagnetic waves, probably radio waves. It includes a wide range of information exchange technologies such as telephones (wired and wireless), microwave communications, fiber optics, satellites, radio and television broadcasting. Two types of data transmission will be processing here i.e. analog signals and digital signals. In this system, information can be carried through mobile phones, land lines, VoIP and broadcast networks. Telecommunication is a two way communication system, which consists of transmitting and receiving at both ends (probably called transceiver). Either cable (i.e. Wire) or free space (i.e. Wireless) acts as a media to transmit the signal.